Hip fractures: longer ER wait times linked to higher risk of death

Waiting more than four hours in emergency care for treatment is linked to heightened risk of death and a longer hospital stay for hip fracture patients, reveals a single-centre study published online in the Emergency Medicine Journal.

The waiting time for more than one in three of these patients exceeded the UK’s four-hour national standard, which now requires that 76% of emergency department patients must either be discharged or admitted to hospital within that time frame.

By the age of 80 an estimated one-third of women and 17% of men will have fractured a hip — figures which are slated to likely double by 2033, according to the researchers.

Early surgery is associated with lower risk of death and perioperative complication rates, but with emergency department waiting times currently lengthening across the UK and elsewhere, it’s highly likely that hip fracture surgery may end up being delayed, they added.

To assess the potential impact on hip fracture patients of four-plus hour waits in the emergency department, the researchers retrospectively evaluated local hip fracture database entries for all patients aged at least 50, admitted to a single trauma centre between 1 January 2019 and 30 June 2022, and subsequently monitored for at least eight months until February 2023.

The trauma centre in question serves a population of 916,310 people in Lothian, Scotland, and manages more than 1000 hip fractures annually. Details on demographics, treatment, progress through the service and death were collected from the patients’ case notes and the trauma centre’s documentation.

Some 3611 patients were admitted to the centre with a hip fracture during the study period. After various exclusions, including those with incomplete admission and discharge time data, 3266 patients were included in the analysis.

Their average age was 81, but ranged from 50 to 104, and 2359 (72%) were women. They spent an average of 3.9 hours in the emergency care department.

The average length of time before surgery was 27 hours, with the average time between admission and surgery 22.5 hours. The average length of hospital stay was nine days, with subsequent follow-up lasting 529 days, during which time 1314 (just over 40%) of these patients died.

In all, more than a third (1261; 39%) of patients waited longer than four hours in the emergency department. They were significantly more likely to be admitted during the winter, to pose more of a surgical risk, to have sustained a fracture that is more difficult to repair, and to have waited longer for their surgery than those who spent four hours or less in the emergency department.

Almost 96% of those who waited less than four hours were alive at 90 days compared with almost 93% for those waiting longer — equivalent to one additional death at 90 days for every 36 patients who waited more than four hours, the researchers said.

The 90-day risk of death rose in tandem with the length of delay before surgery, reaching around 14% after 24 hours.

Male sex, older age, admission during the winter months, higher operative risk, care home residence, and longer time between admission and surgery were also all independently associated with death at 90 days.

After taking account of potentially influential factors, a four-plus hour wait was associated with 29%, 36% and 15% heightened risks of death at 60 days, 90 days and at final check-up, respectively.

This is an observational study, so cause can’t be confirmed. The researchers acknowledge the relatively small size of their study and the lack of adjustment for the patients’ overall state of health and factors delaying their admission, all of which may have influenced their outcomes.

While it isn’t clear exactly why spending more than four hours in the emergency department should be associated with poorer outcomes for hip fracture patients, given that there is a link, direct transfer to theatre from the emergency department might improve the chances of survival for these patients, the researchers suggested.

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